Naira Redesign Mops Up N1.8trn From Currency Outside Banks

The implementation of the Naira redesign and withdrawal of old banknotes by the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, has sucked in about N1.81 trillion from the Currency Outside Banks, CoB, while crashing Currency-in-Circulation to N1.4 trillion in January 2023.

Though this development is in line with the policy plan of the apex bank, financial experts have, however, indicated that the development may lead to a further rise in inflation and contraction of the nation’s economy in the first quarter of the year, Q1’23.

Old N500, and N1,000 expired on February 10 —CBN

Meanwhile, the CBN said that the old N500 and N1,000 expired as legal tenders on February 10, urging Nigerians to redeem their stock of old notes at its offices.

Speaking to Vanguard on condition of anonymity, a CBN source said: “In line with Sections 20(3) of the CBN act , the CBN is meant to ensure that those who have old notes but didn’t have the opportunity to deposit them into their banks before February 10, 2023, are able to redeem their stock of the old notes at the CBN for value. Anyone who wishes to do so, has only one / singular opportunity to do so at the CBN after the notes have lost their legal tender status on February 10, 2023. No person is allowed to redeem his/ her notes more than once.

“This is what the CBN is trying to do. To redeem your old notes, you are meant to complete a form on CBN website where you get a CBN code to redeem your old notes. To reduce the crowd at the CBN, it mandated the banks to collect sums below N500,000. As far as CBN is concerned, the old N500 and N1,000 have since expired after February 10 and cannot be accepted as means of exchange for goods and services.”

Meanwhile, the cash crunch across the country is expected to ease this week, as banks yesterday commenced issuance of N200 notes across the counter and through the ATMs.

Vanguard survey showed that a lot of banks’ branches opened to the public yesterday collecting old N500, N1,000 as well as paying out N200 notes to customers who came for cash withdrawals.

Vanguard investigations showed that the banks however imposed limits on the amount of N200 notes issued to their customers.

Speaking to Vanguard on condition of anonymity, the branch manager of a first generation bank explained that the bank imposed a maximum limit of N5,000 for withdrawals across the counter and N10,000 for ATM withdrawal.


Nigerians deposit N1.81trn

Following the announcement of its decision to redesign and replace the N200, N500 and N1000 notes with new ones, the CBN initially gave Nigerians up to January 31st to deposit the old notes into their bank accounts. The deadline was later extended to February 10th.

CBN Money and Credit data for January showed that Nigerians in response to the initial deadline deposited N1.81 trillion into the banking system in January. Consequently, Currency Outside Banks, CoB fell month-on-month (MoM) by 70 per cent to N788.9 billion in January 2023 from N2.6 trillion in December 2022.

Also reflecting the impact of the initial deadline, currency-in-circulation (CIC) fell MoM by 54 per cent to N1.38 trillion in January 2023 from N3 trillion in December 2022 amidst the naira scarcity experienced in the country.


PoS agents lament the situation

But the Association of Mobile Money and Bank Agents in Nigeria, AMMBAN, lamented the impact of the sharp decline in CoB on its members, commonly referred to as PoS agents.

AMMBAN President, Olojo Victor, said 90 per cent of PoS agents have closed shop as a result of the cash scarcity, worsened by low supply of the new naira notes.

He said: “It is very disturbing. The PoS business is adversely affected. As I speak to you, 90 per cent of PoS agents in Nigeria today have either closed shops or don’t have cash to do business.

“As a matter of fact, even our people have become targets of the protests. So we are going through a lot of issues.

“We hope that there will be some form of remedy or solution to the current situation on the ground. But the reality is that our business is affected and many agents are right now jobless with no means at all of making ends meet.

“The reality is the new notes are not available. The banks are not giving them out. There is an intense scarcity of cash. Nigerians are going through a very difficult time at the moment.

“We hope that this problem will be resolved and settled at the earliest possible time. That is where we stand at the moment.”


Fears over contraction in GDP

Analysts however warned that the reduction in the CoB will adversely affect the economy in the short term, as it could lead to a further rise in the inflation rate and a decline in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product, GDP in the first quarter of the year, Q1’23.

Commenting, David Adonri, Vice Chairman, Highcap Securities, said: “Cash in circulation in December 2022 outside banks was about N2.7 trillion. The total money supply in the same period was N52 trillion. Cash in circulation was less than 2% of GDP in December 2022. It is too insignificant to affect inflation. It is only a material contraction in the total money supply that can affect inflation. “The withdrawal of N1.8 trillion has reduced informal economic activities and may cause a recession. At the same time, it has crippled production, thus hiking inflation in January 2023. The misfired policy may send the economy to stagflation.”

Making a similar comment, Professor Uche, Uwaleke, President, Association of Capital Market Academics of Nigeria, ACMAN, said: “ It’s most likely to impact the economy negatively in the short term as economic activities generally contract due to scarcity of cash.

This is due to the fact that Nigeria’s economy is predominantly cash-based with a huge informal sector. Most small businesses that depend on cash will experience low sales, high inventory and losses. Traders dealing in perishable items may suffer more as they count losses due to low demand.

“So, manufacturing and Trade GDP which contribute about 8% and 15% respectively will likely decline in the first quarter of 2023. This situation would lead to losses of jobs and rise in unemployment in the near term.

On inflation, he said: “Prices of certain commodities, especially perishable items, may crash as sellers become desperate to sell due to the absence of storage facilities.

But this may be offset by rising prices in other commodities where traders, already used to cash transactions, demand a higher price for electronic transactions than cash transactions.

So, the inflation rate may not come down in the short run. Be that as it may, I think monetary policy implementation will be more effective in the medium to long term since the CBN now has more control over the money supply.

“Less cash in circulation potentially reduces pressure in the forex parallel market and could result in a reduction in the parallel market premium which distorts forex management by the CBN.

Also, increased liquidity in the system could lead to lower lending rates by banks and easier access to credit by small businesses.

Further, enhanced financial inclusion via the onboarding of many businesses could result in improvement in government revenue and fiscal position. All said I think the currency redesign promises to impact the economy positively in the long run.”

Similarly, Mrs Toyin Sanni, Group CEO, of Emerging Africa Group, said that the high premium paid to access the new notes may drive up the price of goods and services, thereby leading to a higher inflation rate in the short term.

She said: “There are significant challenges with the ongoing implementation of the cashless policy, with both cash shortage and the electronic banking infrastructures currently failing. This, combined with a reliance on cash by many Nigerians, could limit the intended effect of the programme on inflation and the economy.

“In the long term, if the policy is effectively implemented, it could help reduce inflation and boost the economy by reducing cash printing and increasing the adoption of electronic transactions.

“However, the scarcity of the new currency means that people are paying premiums as high as 25% to access the new money. This could cause short-term inflationary pressure as the cost of goods and services may rise due to higher cash prices. The effectiveness of the policy depends on the infrastructure for electronic banking.

“In the long term, the policy, if effectively implemented, could lead to a more efficient economy potentially increasing Nigeria’s GDP by reducing the cost of printing and circulating cash, increasing financial inclusion, and driving innovation.

“However, in the short term, the scarcity of the new money and the difficulty in accessing electronic banking infrastructure is leading to higher transaction costs and lower economic activity, and could potentially have a negative impact on Nigeria’s GDP.”